During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the Italian peninsula was a conglomerate of small states by the end of the fifteenth century began to be subject to the desires and disputes between the Bourbons of Spain and the Habsburgs of Austria, resulting in a prolonged period of English rule over the peninsula, this until the war of succession on one side and the Seven Years War on the other, which they shall deliver to Italy and the distribution domain foreigners, only the state of Savoy and the Kingdom of Sardinia were powers at European level, or Genoa, or Venice, or the Papal States meant something important, only they had the memory of what had been in the past, this fragmentation Adding to their economic backwardness, and Genoa and Venice were not the banks which took up gold trade in America and Asia as the shaft had been transported to the Atlantic, it consolidated the agricultural economy but the urban bourgeoisie maintain the power that characterized during the XV and XVI although minimized by increasing the growing importance of the field and the loss of international influence of its ports Mediterranean; found in eighteenth-century Italy a dual structure represented by a strong and conservative feudal peasantry and an urban bourgeoisie most dynamic and innovative. The reforms seek to enlightened despotism in some Italian states, but these were joined by the denial of the Church, the nobility and large sections of the bourgeoisie, which in practice a truncated series of decrees and institutions created with a sense of progress and increased participation; without Italy would remain the same until the advent of the French Revolution and all that is meant for people and for the bourgeoisie, of course with implications for newborn Italy from the nineteenth century, as nationalism was not well received in Italy, only small sections of intellectuals, it was widespread throughout Europe, the nationalist ideology was only a romantic feeling of some elites, but the Napoleonic expansion on northern Italy form the reinote Italy where privileges were abolished the nobility and clergy fought influence, expanded human rights and liberal ideals of the Italian people, these initiatives were supported by the enlightened and liberal bourgeoisie. After Napoleon's defeat and subsequent victory monarchy enshrined in the Vienna Congress the kingdom collapsed Italy and reassembled dealings Italy dynastic imperial protection, concealed by the Holy Alliance any revolutionary outbreak, only small individual rights remained as a continuation of despotism, this situation was opposed between the patriots and liberals who were disliked the resurrection of absolutism and formed secret societies which had emerged at the beginning of the century Freemasonry, companies were soon spread throughout Italy, but maintained an elitist who did not allow the inclusion of the masses. In 1820 a revolution broke out in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, where King seeks assistance from the Empire and this is suppressed, but the result was the migration of the liberals, who together with the influence of secret societies of the Carbonari was a great nationalist feeling from that moment forces charged with the idea of \u200b\u200ban Italy together. In 1930 a revolt broke out in France before the rash reaction of the Holy Alliance revolutionary cells multiply throughout Europe, the same year, Belgium was separated from Holland and Poland were up against the Tsar, Italy wanted to acknowledge Francisco IV as leader of the movement for freedom and independence, wanted to bring all Italy into a single monarchy, for 1831, reclaiming several Italian states in a chain reaction that came to the papal states, democratic movement with advanced features, had disputes between unitary and federal, there was no single approach to integration, Austria was prepared to intervene claiming that the duchies of Modena and Parma were in the empire and their dukes had requested, this was done very quickly. This revolution is characterized by the zero resistance from governments and the ease with which Austria ran the repression, that as different revolutionary units would not launch a counter based on the principle of nonintervention, it was the most active bourgeoisie progressive bourgeois aristocracy and the unhappy with this situation. Many of the Italian exiles were in France. Mazzini, great intellectual revolutions liberal believes that started on 30 would result in the advent of the Republican national states in Europe, based on a romantic idea of \u200b\u200bprogress, the riots were started by large spans, but the presence of Austria and France played down any attempt to claim more political, the failure of the insurrection brought negative consequences for the patriotic movement, which was divided. Economic development occurred between 1821 and 1846 brought a large number of industrial proletariat in northern Italy and the expansion of many doctrines and ideologies of all kinds in terms of national integration, since the bourgeoisie to the proletariat, from the secular to the ultra-Catholics. Popular pressure in 1847 won two major concessions, the creation of the Council of Ministers and the Civic Guards Corps.
1846, the election of Pope Pius IX opened a period of reforms in the Papal States.
1847, the Pope, the Grand Duke of Tuscany and the King of Piedmont-Sardinia create league Italian customs.
1848, anti-Austrian uprising in Venice and Milan, Parma and Modena are provisional governments in Florence, Tuscany, Rome and Turin constitutional claim is raised war against Austria which defeated the Italians out.
1849; Under pressure from the liberal Pope leaves Rome and Mazzini proclaimed the Roman Republic, the Austrians and the French recovered Venice take Rome and restored the Papal States.
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