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LEGALLY "O NEST INTERNATIONAL IS ANARCHY?

An attempt to rank the international standards can only be effective by an empire of power, the only mandatory rules with power bills cash for each state for security, so it says there is no hierarchy in international law, although no hierarchy in the power of the states. Peremptory norms represent the desire of a community in the frown of a nascent society, international society. The prohibition of aggression and genocide, racial discrimination and slavery, self-determination of peoples and the protection of human rights are some cases of mandatory rules, which have the character of erga omnes, that is customary rules of general international law.

If we analyze the international regulatory system more general adveno force after the Second World War in the hierarchy will note this. In the United Nations Charter, its principles listed in Chapter One states the legal and sovereign equality of states, good faith, are committed to the peaceful settlement of disputes, renunciation of the threat or use of force against territorial and political integrity of states undertake to cooperate and collective security, agree to impose the rules of the Charter despite the lack of consent to this, set a limit on the unrestricted activity of the organization against internal essentially matters states, but this principle yields to the regulations of Chapter Seven, in which establishing a monopoly on the use of international law enforcement forces, the Security Council, held this for a true global oligarchy, consisting of China, United States, France, Britain and Russia, permanent members of the Security Council, a body that is attributed international coercive power, on the grounds of an institution of universal features.

Arguably, the advent of regionalism has seen a boost with the establishment of the United Nations, which strives to resolve international conflicts are always in the context of the will of its stakeholders, in sovereign jurisdiction of their courts, provided they are developed by peaceful means, as a situation which might threaten or undermine peace and security opens the competence of the Security Council to even use regional organizations and resources for their companies for maintenance and restoration peace, for it has national security resources provided by special Conventions, it has the staff, the Governing body, consisting of the highest internal military hierarchy of the permanent members of the Council. Its functions are closely related to the strategic arms race and military.

As for international cooperation in economic and social, formed United Nations Economic and Social Council, under authority of the General Assembly and Security Council's service, were competent to hear the Charter, establish and implement policies aimed at increasing living standards, maintenance of industrial sources, a problem-solving international economic, social, health, educational, cultural and other related matters, based skills with the primary responsibility for achieving maximum cooperation on these issues, in order to protect and enshrine human rights universal without discrimination based on race, sex, language or religion.

specialized agencies are those that exist outside the organization or created subsequent to the creation of this, while their powers are identical or related to those of the Organization, so the states are not legally able to exercise independent policy, away from the purposes and principles of the Organization, then basic domestic institutions such as economics, individual rights, health and cultural institutions, which were typical of sovereign communities, are now reviewed by supranational bodies with the power to implement its policies, but de facto inability to do so. Recall that the General Assembly does not issue binding resolutions per se.

The Economic and Social studies, reports and recommends to the entire international community, submitted to the General Assembly and international conferences, and create agreements and special committees, all in the within their jurisdiction and to the advancement of human rights and their implementation both in legal and in fact within the states.

The trusteeship system was established to enshrine respect for individual rights and collective interests of the peoples under mandates, colonies and non-self governing territories, delivered by the will of the states the Organization or are parts of the defeated state jurisdictions, are all those identified as political peoples under foreign metropolitan powers, as long as they are not committed to the scheme Territories. The Council established a system to inform, monitor and recommend on the territories and the administering authority establishing agreements with this and with the rest of the system of the Organization or its members to implement its policy of emancipation of peoples, which was abolished in 1994 after having met and completed its task, the decolonization of the world not strategic.

The International Court of Justice based in The Hague, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, of which all its members are ipso facto parties to its Statute, which also can attach non-member states of the Organization, ie not parties to the Charter, which we say, no longer makes sense. Members of the United Nations now number 192, a total of 198 states in the world. After all State Parties to the Statute or only parts of the Charter or both, are all bound by the rulings of the Court in any case of which they are parties, indeed, facing contempt of judgments of this Court by of states will be susceptible measures by the Security Council to compel, and if necessary, by force, to run the Court's decisions, competition and clear decision of the Council, not the Court, as often happens in domestic courts.

The Statute of the Court, as part of the Charter and to have this whole character of peremptory norms of international law, it stating that its supremacy against all treaty and to oblige all member states to meet all these concluding treaties in a particular way and each other and even to lay back in the seat of the organization in New York for each of these treaties to be valid for the Organization as a whole, is also possessed of the necessary legal powers in the territory of each of its member states to implement and put into action its aims and principles. The same Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that the validity of international law is given by the non-contradiction with the purposes and United Nations principles.

The court rules in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted, so are sources of international conventions wrapper rules expressly accepted by the litigants, custom internationally as evidence of a general practice accepted as law, general principles of law recognized by civilized nations. International jurisprudence and doctrine of the advertised increased competition from other nations will be aids to the determination of rules of law. While the parties dispute could also agree that the Court decides ex aequo et bono. Recall that the judgments of the court are only binding on states parties to the dispute and that she can only go states, is different in its advisory.

The International Criminal Court is a good example of progress in international institutions, has not yet been ratified by a considerable amount of states but their aims are quite ambitious, as in this present not only states, also individuals, on which the court issues binding decisions, so the jurisdiction of the Court appears to be complementary jurisdictions national.

rose an international legal system, which is in constant progress and evolution, the customs code, you agree to conventions, they become permanent and independent institutions and in some cases moving towards degrees political integration, as is the case of European Union countries, leaving behind the old modern paradigm of a community of independent sovereign states.

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INTERNATIONAL LAW AND NATIONAL COURTS

mandatory and positivist theory of law has classified this as a system of subordination based on orders backed by threats, only domestic laws of states are subordinated to a centralized sovereignty able to monopolize the use of coercive forces in an effective manner and use it to impose any legal regulations, which in turn inevitably need of an institutionalized system capable of supporting not only the legitimacy of their bases, but also guarantees their mandates.

International law lacks a centralized sovereign power able to monopolize the use of forces, he found no relationship of subordination, if coordination, there is no institution capable of dealing overall objectives, if they can talk about them. There are few guarantees for international standards, which are heterogeneous and decentralized, even contrary and conflicting. There is more to the will of the same subjects of this law as a guarantee of rules, only states have their own effective power to ensure the commitments made with other states, ie international standards are not supported only by the own sovereign will of their primary subjects and original modern sovereign states. Do not forget that this sort rarely clear legal right exists because it establishes itself, which in turn requires compliance principles accepted in the practice of States, pacta sunt servanda and good faith are some of these principles.

international hierarchical structure seen from the inequality of power exists in fact, is formed and justified by positive regulations and safeguards, meaning that in reality the legal equality of states rating makes equally to states with different levels of development, different cultures, thereby maintaining not only a value for equality, but also stating that the society is egalitarian, that should be empirically observed levels of inequality in developing looking policies of redistribution of capabilities, greater equality empirical constructive. The successful policy usually extremely conservative inequitable structure. See who wasted as equal to that needed for survival is the logical inconsistency of principles such as formal and sovereign equality. This reality is the product of anarchic structure that dilutes the responsibilities, leaving the hands free and open to negotiate. The joint declarations that establish the legal equality of states maintaining a status quo based on actual inequality, the inconsistency between the value for equality and the lack of policies for effective prosecution. It is a system based on mutual misunderstanding as to everything that does not conform to the zealous national interests, supported by dogmatic sovereign, ie final.

National interests are often more particular the principles endorsed by the general will of free peoples. Political and social stratification within states often globally alarming in most states, which results in political participation in the networks of domination and influence. In this way the national interest, public order and state security are nothing more than demagoguery when they are attributed to a village has not consented.

Contrary to the above has been denied that international law can be considered right, that to have profound differences with the classical concept of law as law. In the same way that denies the existence of an international society for denying the existence of international law. A higher power greater ability to ensure the commitments made, greater ability to adjust the agreement to their advantage, that the absence of an impartial body able to impose collective international standards, essential to speak of international law because this case internationally, is just an example where it is diluted in legal politics.

Some have also said the international land builds a civilization, a community, a right, as well as within the states for quite some time. Others have denied that community within the states, vindicating the plurality, tolerance and respect for differences not only in the world, but within the same political communities. A sociological definition of law of relativity would show in the ratings and the strong similarities between the internal and external structure. The dualism sees two legal systems differentiated monism just one, views that affect the distribution of resources and expertise.

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interwar period

During this time he thought he could not come a second war is generally believed since then to settle peace with a Germany disarmed, came a general disarmament, the whole system was crowned by the League of Nations in which he believed fervently European left, in 1926 it remained to enter Germany and USA and the USSR in principle of collective security was guaranteed, almost every country in the world, including the latter joined the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which put to outlaw war, the League have somewhere a monopoly on the legitimate use of forces, but unfortunately the international legal framework was not adapted to the economic and social reality in which people were, the Wall Street crisis increased the suffering and stress, there were paradigm shifts. The pacifist doctrines, at first, taken by France and England, responded only to a complete rejection of the war, this was the development of tolerance and permissive policies with Germany, it was not enough, leaving Germany in 1933 Society of Nations and the Conference on Disarmament, both France angered Hitler that the rupture of relations was a French initiative, from there Germany publicly rearmed waiting for his moment, when France established military service for two years when Hitler was publicly rejected the Treaty of Versailles (1934), restored conscription and reconstituted a powerful aviation powers dared not react.

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The advent of Nazism in Germany

The Weimar Republic, the traditional parties, social-democratic and Catholic Central, these were the ones who had to accept the Versailles Treaty, which severely punished Germany, will impose high repairs, sacrifices territorial and arms control, there was a growing group of ultranationalist angry about the defeat, who soon punish the moderate leaders whom they considered traitors critical moments were lived not only in economics but also in the social, political and cultural, Germany experienced the first hyperinflation in modern history, French pressure consistent with the payment of reparations, it was thought that Germany would fall apart. Hitler emerges as a leader of a small party, the associating attempts to take power in November 1923 but fails and goes to prison, the international economic crisis caused in 1929 in the United States was crucial to Hitler's assumption to power, same as the crisis of 1920-1 it was for fascism, because it showed as the most promising and contrary to the system could not contain them, Hitler was appointed chancellor by the president himself, the battles between communists were brownshirts and institutions of the regime in power is removed the communist party, then amended the constitution in the next few weeks disappeared the other parties, but it was not until the death of the president to Hitler absorb all the powers of state and establish his harsh dictatorship, for him Germany had expired, had been betrayed by the revolutionaries who was stabbed in the back, lower races to be eliminated or enslaved to purge the contaminated Germany, wanted a higher state, identical to its natural nation, their ethnicity, which is the superior race, the only way Germany would rule the world, consisting of its national territory, that of the Germanic language, was necessary to break with the Treaty of Versailles, a symbol of humiliation and betrayal. For some time improved the condition of the German people and the ideology spread throughout Europe, in Belgium, Britain, France, Spain, but clearly these movements to reach the more you lived there that the crisis economic, social unrest and crisis policy, other governments such as France turned to deflation, protectionism Britain, many companies also reacted with totalitarian leftist, communist and socialist ideologies. The positions soft, soothed and tolerant of the victorious powers like France and England and American isolationism gave certainty to Hitler to launch his imperialist plan.

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Fieldhouse, DK "imperialism"

The causes fall into Eurocentric imperialism and extra, the same means as international expression, increased interactions between cultures. Commercial imperialism is the result of international competition for markets, the existence of an asymmetry of power, reflected in asymmetric and horizontal exchange in the mixed industrial capacity and dependence. Imperialism is characterized as a vital, economically expressed through a free trade followed by a protectionist or maturation phase. So back to the belle époque, 1880, Germany, United States, France and Russia began to subsidize its industries and transport, with the infant industry argument, especially against the British pre-eminence, were on the search for political settlements ( public) and economic (private), to sell their surplus production and buy raw materials in a "favorable" pity that the world was more or less widespread. Imperialism means higher costs and conflicts, there is no place for that all powers are empires colonies began to be contested free trade among the industrial powers emerging and established, the colonies were usually closed by the metropolis, creating monopolies. Germany, USA, Japan, Italy and Russia were the powers that be wanted industrialising and commercial empires in view of the British Empire had been in economic decline. The imperialism of capital is the next stage of commercial imperialism, is the result of the dispute between the powers for markets, when they close their colonies with protectionist tariff rate, being monopolies, thus decreasing exports but increased FDI and production subsidiaries, banking gained great prominence, becoming owner of much of the capital. The imperialism of the state is seeking greater power and security at the expense of other states, is related to political settlements rather than economic ones and we could say that accompanies the commercial imperialism, is distinguished by its bitter nationalist and a patriot, usually arises as a preventive against competition because triggering a domino effect. There has been talk of imperialism but also mass said that this is the state, ie more policies are born from above rather than from below, is how will we understand the autonomy of these, to the people themselves, if this is sovereign and create policies or otherwise it is a formable mass to the policies of imperialist states, where the monopoly of production is transferred to the press, creating national and cultural imperialism, making public the financial conflicts that were previously developed in the private sphere and justifying ideologies ethnocentric, which in turn are justified by social Darwinism. Imperialism in general is the maturation of capitalism and is used to distinguish an economic era and other post-medieval regime, ie, capitalism and imperialism are part of modernity, but it is also true that the events have gone beyond this. Ancient civilizations were imperialists and capitalists, not from the standpoint of modern industrial, but from the standpoint of technical and cultural, were ethnocentric and competitive.

World War, the war of imperialism, was received with enthusiasm by the masses, was seen as out of the crisis and as a way to increase social benefit a symbol of patriotism and hope for emancipation. There were feuds that seasoned the war, Russia would support Serbia product of Slavic, England against Germany to feel threatened his empire, France against Germany in Alsace-Lorraine. Germany to be late for national integration also was late to the industrialization process unified way out of the deal left colonial view of this Germany is united and industrialized in a fast and efficient, putting at risk the efficiency and English rule. Russia hereditary enemy of Germany and the latter unable to ally with Italy, despite the good relations and possible convenience, because of the deep enmity between Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Germany, due to industrial efficiency and lack of colonial policies, advocating for freedom of the colonies and seemed hungry meet the growing demands of Asia Minor. The war if development from Sarajevo to Versailles and was eagerly awaited by the Socialist International, was believed to be the end of capitalism. England was conciliatory face of aggressive Germany, not raised in a peace that meant the complete defeat of the adversary. United States had a fundamental role because there were no geopolitical presence in the international diplomatic chessboard. England and France there lived a weakness, coming off a defeat Russia and Germany felt that his hour had come. American ideology, characterized by political and economic liberalism, the daughter of the French Revolution, would be contrary to the classic European realpolitik, the balance of power, aristocratic and royalist. Pro In contrast, favors a system of collective security, liberal, based on the principle of nationality, independence, self-determination and democracy, progressive ideology from the point of view and interested people from the economic point of view. For this purpose, was the first general international institution for the maintenance of peace and security by ensuring the peaceful settlement of disputes and punishing their perpetrators. It was certainly a success but lacked practical ideology was an institution that did not conform to reality and did not have the strength to impose its objectives, the agreement lost credibility with the complaint by the United States, marked by the reluctance of Congress U.S. delegation to the sovereign powers, which could limit its imperialist policy based on spheres of influence.

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The Democratization of States

Throughout the nineteenth century an increasing number of policy involved, from different positions, even and, notably, from pressure, rebellion and insurrection of the masses every time most popular, and socialism, nationalism, radicalism, liberalism, were all ideologies that had not ever participated in politics, which was notable, after the Paris Commune did not meet European civil wars, with the exception of Russia as great reform laws were sanctioned and the revolutionaries had organized themselves into political parties, international and some very massive, many coming to power is moderated as it was in France while increasing the votes for the left these were made over center and even more right, France in 1871 already had universal suffrage own freedoms of democracy emerged in the early 1880, as is the case of teaching, free, secular and compulsory, freedom of assembly, press, association, municipal, etc., the separation of church and state was already accomplished by 1905 and in a moment exacerbated nationalism threatened the foundations of the republic itself. In England only managed to progressively universal suffrage, the reforms were not the monopoly of the Liberals, there were two parties, conservatives and liberals, both introduced social reforms, political and administrative. In Germany, as a confederation, held a parliament elected by universal suffrage representatives, federal and other reforms existed 'own states; Bismarck to fight the socialists created a series of socialist reforms but with a great sense paternalistic, highlights the progressive income tax, but what really prevented a democratic regime was the complete independence of the executive with respect to the people ( Foreign Minister and ministers appointed by the Emperor), also influenced the predominant influence of the military. Russia was a particular case, until 1905 was purely autocratic government, the assassination of Czar Alexander in 1881 further strengthened him, and police officials had almost unlimited powers, permanent feudal structure, the almost non-existent civil society, the emerging bourgeoisie and central ends of the branches became more despotic than enlightened absolutism paternalistic Russian, the pauperization of the peasant discontent joined the defeat by Japan and the workers' strikes ended in a revolution, a general strike broke out, the only attempt of the Czar was the creation of the Duma, which for being chosen and not have a competition ended with no powers on their own and eventually disbanded. Universal suffrage in Italy. Became available in 1920, nationalism was seen divided by interpretations reformist socialists and socialist character of a radical nature, revolutionary or Marxist, anarchists and trade unionism began to play important roles to and from the political bourgeoisie allied with the proletariat and the peasantry until 1848, at which time he was privileged and comfortable as to continue to build an emancipation that they are no longer favorable, by contrast, reactions the riots began to be bourgeois tactics against a proletariat demanding. Russia became an autocracy into a dictatorship of the proletariat, where individual freedoms are sacrificed to higher interests, for reasons of state. The essential phenomenon of inter-war period, the antagonism between socialism and liberalism was added a third ingredient, called fascism, cutting extreme nationalist, statist and bourgeois, both communism and fascism were totalitarian regimes. Fascism in Italy was the answer to the existence of a democratic system inefficient, unstable and the existence of numerous and strong leftist parties, particularly communists and a large group of ultra-nationalists, the latter exacerbated product cost-benefit of the Great War The economic crisis experienced following this, the broken promises, the widespread discontent with a system of state and government and crystallization in the person of a mass leader, national feelings and social reactionaries clear that the system, both Socialists and the Liberals. At the end of the war the situation Italian economy was unfortunate, being a victorious power, so the veterans' group, the petty bourgeoisie joined this group of far-right nationalist and reactionary protest and partly as a result of unfair treatment that took Italy into the Great War the great powers comes from Milan who in 1919 Mussolini founded fascism, planning a series of social reforms, conquests, the elimination of all political parties as the cause of all evil, creating a strong government with centralized power in the will a great leader, eliminating the principles of liberalism in politics and social life, as opposed to the ideologies of left, made in principle and punishing violent activists were especially against the communists, socialists, trade unionists and leftist groups all time seeker of great social redistribution, equal, contrary to the institutions and even against the state in some cases, were fascist all the masses, the demagogic speeches adhered people of all walks of life and longed for the reconstruction of Italian grandeur, were based on force as a means of access to and use of power, supported by the monarchy, which asked Mussolini forming government, it comes to power without any plan but with big ambitions, gradually established his dictatorship, the broad popular support served to eliminate the parties, change the constitution and abolish the cameras, supported by a corporate system, the greatest achievement of fascism was Germany.

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The Diplomacy Nationality

joined Germany in eight years for the benefit of Prussia, transforming it into an empire with a preponderance undeniable. In 1871 Bismarck concentrated their forces within the Empire on the occasion to consolidate the recent coupling and to eliminate the resistance to minority French, Polish and Danish, in the international arena saw France as hereditary enemy, so their isolation would be the priority of the chancellor, now be more of a republic which would encourage a large colonial policy to divert much of Europe and enmity with England as with Italy, while maintaining the friendship Russia but excited by the possibility of a concrete German hegemony Austria was concerned about the Balkans while England showed isolated and comfortable. In 1873 he entered the Triple Entente, the three emperors, made by Germany, Italy and Russia against the revolutionaries, especially France, Bismarck was content with the neutrality Austrian, Austro-Russian tension seemed chilled with bilateral secret pact reserving the western Balkans to Austria-Hungary (1877), a situation that did not last long as the Russian war against the Ottoman Empire Russian participation would make something much weaker, in this way doubled between Germany completed the and Austria-Hungary, secret alliance directed against Russia, Italy outraged by France to Tunisia sacrificed territories to Austria-Hungary for protection in case of attack French in 1887 were implemented a number of agreements by which managed to isolate completely France, avoiding any retaliation, Britain by agreement with Italy wanted to avoid any expansion in the area of \u200b\u200bFrench Morocco despite their isolation. Germany started late colonization, Bismarck was not a colonial man, because he had focused on Europe and the consolidation of integration, but caved in to the businessmen, since 1871 the expansion of the great powers seemed to be blocked by nationalist movements as expansion areas were reduced, thus Bismarck was involved in what I had planned for others, their mistakes were unaware of the political importance of nationalism that developed also ignored the weakness that brought the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, of all the alliances that were implemented only turned a set of weak and even contradictory agreements which lay in the strength and balance movilizante, triggering an arms race between Germany, Russia and France, until 1890 lived in uncertainty Europe, France and Germany could not be reconciled by Alsace-Lorraine, France and Italy faced as trading partners, France and England faced during the great colonial policy seemed understood to sign deals in Africa, was looming on the horizon the emergence of a new power, Japan and the alleged conflict more dangerous, the Balkans between Austria Hungary and Russia seemed to vanish, the partition of Africa seemed to continue and accelerate, in 1890 Bismarck falls and with the looming weaknesses in their systems.

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Maturation of Alliance and Conflict (1891-1904-1914)

Despite the twofold France and Russia had a common interest to stop England in her colonial developments in Africa and Central Asia, Russia and Austria-Hungary decided to mute their differences in the Balkans and that the status quo to their advantage to both, by that time Russia was more interested in the Far East, Japan had defeated China and the Russians backed by France and Germany called for the revision of the Japan Peace and yielded taking the Russian front. By 1900 Germany had grown exponentially, not only demographically but also in trade, had surpassed Britain in steel production and had launched an expansion of trade ties and its marina, which warned England to overcome their isolation well regulated colonial conflicts with France and allowed the protectorate over Morocco in return for it to refrain from any attempt on Egypt, signed one with Japan that was effective only if it was attacked by two powers, all this caused a significant diplomatic failure for Germany. Serbia would become a national center Yugoslavia to the consummation of the king's death at the hands of the secret society The Black Hand, this was understood to Austria to Servia was the enemy that threatened the disintegration to which should annihilate and submit, the Russian defeat against Japan (1904-1905 ) dashed the expectations of Russian expansion eastward and weaken the Franco-Russian alliance, far away from Russia's Far East looks to the Balkans again and decides to protect Serbia. Between 1905 and 1914 was going to attend five crisis and increasingly severe belonging to the Austro-Russian conflict over the Balkans and the Franco-German conflict disputes colonial Africa was a hot topic, as well as the progressive disintegration of the Empire and Ottoman Turkish, the same was true in the East, but certainly strong Balkan conflict would be very nationalistic, this because all countries had agreed on two by two state government departments and overseas caps so the crisis of 1914 without doubt originated in the Balkans, crisis triggers the Great War, was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, the straw that broke the camel as the rule uses this fact to annihilation of Servia, Germany fearful of being isolated and losing support Rejoinder decide although Austria did not suit him and had advised the other not to attack Servia and is to be protected Russia and the latter to be an ally of France was already agreed a general war, Britain was not tied by alliance felt affected their vital interests when Belgium refused to threaten its neutrality British tradition that no power is installed in Antwerp.

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Bismarck against

nationalism requires that each community has its own government men, the problem arises to determine what is and what are the limits of that community, for the German view is the product unconscious and unintentional acts, is especially popular language and traditions, to the French vision are conscious and voluntary act through which expresses the belonging and identity, as it is through votes and referendums. The Europe of 1815 is based on an anti-national legitimacy balance maintained by the European where nations were divided into multiple states (Germany and Italy) and multinational states (Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire), the issue was the progressive sentiment and political force of nationalism reflected in the search for independence and peoples under search integration for the people divided. Serbia was the first national triumph, the next was Belgium, Greece participated in the riots sporadically Russia, although this would end up protecting the Turks against Egypt, which ended up being protectorate group, which benefited England as this did not participate in any parties, that because France supported Egypt, but the collective agreement would join forces with Russia in this way was on the brink of general war, but the wisdom of the king of France did not stop to support the Egyptian demands, so that the latter had to return conquered territories ending with no privileges for France nor Russia had succeeded in shipping traffic. After 1848, the failure of Italian unification was very instructive that kissing on the need to ally with a great power to defeat PDER Austria, which after the riots show despite its decline which was still strong; also understood that all theories of unification (papal confederacy Republic or annexation to Piedmont) only the last would be most effective, the Pope's refusal to fight against Catholic Austria will rest his popularity. In conclusion, the successful repression of the revolutions of 1848 resulted in a federalization of the empire attempts being postponed several decades of independence, it is also true that the riots were in part a response to economic crisis and that the success of the restoration was accompanied by a economic reflowering to reinforce the same time gave him legitimacy. Napoleon III was the first head of state of a great power who believed in the principle of nationality and whose actions would be focused on integration both Germany and Italy, but was Cavour who then gain acceptance in the concert of Europe, for having sent troops to the Crimea, Italy raised the issue with the contempt of Austria, and finally won the support of France to release Italian northern states, several round trips to be able to annex Lombardy Piedmont not the Veneto, the Italian center-independence riots explode were considered by France in exchange for Savoy and Nice, which discontented Garibaldi, who landed in southern Italy and after the dispatch of troops from Piedmont achieved the annexation of central and southern Italy to Piedmont in 1861 was proclaimed the kingdom of Italy, only the Veneto and Rome had not been annexed, the Veneto would be annexed in Rome in 1866 and 1870, was born form sta a great power, an event of transcendent importance since 1815.

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legitimacy Insurrections (1815-1849)

The first wave, 1820, was preceded by a strong agitation in Germany that ended with the repression of Metternich, like the Americans by Spain, which achieved independence, in Naples Piedmont had to grant constitutions and measures to end the riots organized by the Carbonari, who had formed counterparts in France, in Russia fracazó attempt against the successor of Alexander I, in Greece and in America the riots were a strong national character joined the liberal himself of them. The second wave originated in France in 1830 when Charles X tried to override the constitution which led to a successful protest of the people with the approval of the liberal bourgeoisie and the support of the republican secret societies, bringing down the king abdicated and was exiled replacing Luis Felipe de Orleans, the riots continued, all repressed, in Brussels broke out on a national revolt succeeded where supported by Europe, in Italy revolts able to establish a union of provinces dispensed from the despots, Austria was quick to suppress, the counterpart was the case in Germany where German is the United States, where he also established the order. For 1846-7 economic crisis breaks out where the field was causing the engine and expanded and mostly understood the need for transformation, this crisis ended in 1848, they began a series of favorable changes in France is created Republic, Italy, Turin, Rome, Naples and Florence were granted constitutions in Austria is granted a constitution and then a constituent for the fall of Metternich would end in a centrifugal effect that would expand liberal nationalist revolts in central Europe, ending with the social system of feudalism in large measures and also causing several national revolts in different parts of the empire in Germany constituents were accepted, in Britain explode a democratic movement which would not fruits, only Russia, Spain, Portugal and the Scandinavian countries have escaped this intense speed. Unfortunately for 1850 the conservative reaction from the power instituted a series of repressive measures and ignored many of the positions presented, only France would retain universal suffrage, the first power to have it, but there was a big change in the consciousness and the European social and political structure, had abolished the feudal regime and had earned constitutions, with the exception of Russia, which did not abolish slavery until 1861.

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When the county was inherited Prussia's Frederick William, the Great Elector, in conjunction with other territories in which Brandenburg was during the late seventeenth century, understood that to achieve a strong state had to introduce significant political and military reforms, economic and administrative as well Calvin was absolutist ideas but not the style of your neighbor, your idea was to participate in world trade, have a place in the balance of nations and have an army able to do so, the output of the Baltic Sea was one of his greatest desires, its great achievement is to have won the title by the emperor as king of Prussia as Frederick I in 1701 at the cost of their participation in the service of the emperor in the War of English Succession, was always a lot of skepticism towards intellectuals and great devotion the figure of the Emperor. Prussia became a European power to be reckoned with in calculating the balance of power after the Treaty of Utrecht, the European map was determined by the opposite coalitions in Austria, England and France and Prussia, but by the mid eighteenth century England realizes that Austria will be the loser and Prussia allied with German hegemony while France alerted by the growth of an alliance with Prussia and Austria Spain. Federico, culture Frenchified not far from nationalistic ideals their village which was then only a manageable mass, Federico wrested Silesia to Prussia shortly after coming to power and before facing the same in the Seven Years War reformed their state government to create a homogeneous system, the centralized king in his person all the institutional mechanisms that could mediate to his will, also codified in a centralized and unified whole legal system throughout the monarchy, influenced by liberal ideas of the division of powers will not available for judicial activity, creating autonomous bodies of which should not be involved This is one of the transformations characteristic of a modern state introduced by the despot, promoted an intense migration to rural areas in order to expand their agricultural activities. The Seven Years War as a domain only reaffirmed Prussian Silesia, in 1772 Prussia, Austria and Russia was deprived of a quarter of its territory to Poland, distribution of which was benefited Federico strategically, making the output including the Baltic by a river in total were three successive partitions of Poland between these powers to eventually do away to Poland the European map, annexations that besides the increased power brought major causes for disorganization in the hands of the new king. For 1780, the Austria-Prussian dualism nationalists showed features due in part by new ideologies, independence of the United States and the need to form a united Germany against the ambitions of annexation of Austria, these feelings were caused also by the same expansions and reforms of the Prussian state, thus creating the Confederation of Counties called the Third Germany, wanted to rescue the old imperial constitution did not mean further integration or monitoring the ideas of revolution, quite the opposite for 1800 Napoleon had entered Berlin, torn apart whole structure opposed change but that was already cemented as the defeat of Napoleon hoped the reconstruction of natural Prussia would certainly be difficult to speak of a German nation, because in reality there are different peoples, cultures and roots to compose this cluster, but this does not mean that there are common elements such as language and other differentiating factors that served as a foreigner but distant. It is from the expansions Napoleon who wakes a genuine sense of nationalism, not only in Germany but throughout Europe, mainly due to the same revolutionary ideas but they reacted to the abuses and excesses of the French emperor, which were inconsistent with the same ideas of nationality and independence of peoples, the fight against France and its subsequent defeat marked the beginning of a true German nationalism reflected throughout their culture and their sense of growth and reconstruction, would be from the 1848 revolution when that these feelings would even virulent year for which the railroad extended looked like union aduanera, esto incentivó su desarrollo industrial, claro que menor que el que vivía Inglaterra y Francia, no contaba con capitales suficientes ni con satélites de materias primas, eso hizo necesario la imposición de medidas proteccionistas. La revolución de 1848 que pretendía la instauración de un parlamento basado en el sufragio universal y masculino, el cual debía conducir la política alemana, este se concreta y vota una constitución que Austria no acepta, luego instaura una constitución exclusivamente alemana en la que llama al rey a ser su protector, este no acepta por provenir esta de fuentes revolucionarias, luego la burguesía por miedo a las demandas populares desiste de su reforma política y Prusia entre in a period of strong industrial growth and development, financial and commercial ends up moving to Austria in the German market, all this transformation brought great security for the Prussian bourgeoisie which in 1862 signed the free trade with France. Recall that unlike England and France the Prussian bourgeoisie did not hold political power, it created a complex dual system which proved in practice to be the bourgeoisie ruling class. In 1859 he founded the National Association of Germany, following the Italian model and national liberal goals sought, wanted a united Germany about Prussia and Austria not governed by a parliamentary system. Bismarck coming to power states the objective of separating Austria German unifying process and for that first creates the necessity of annexing Austria ducats available Germanic language that were under Danish rule and understood by the Germanic Confederation, and after a short war duchies passed into the hands of Austria and Prussia, had a problem with this protectorate of the duchies and the confederation as a reason for war against Austria, for which neutrality seeks Russian, French and Italian alliance. War broke out in 1866 aimed at increasing the Prussian power and the achievement of enmity with Austria to the defeat of Austria followed the surprise of Napoleon III, who until 1870 faces in the diplomatic arena with Prussia, the failure of French foreign policy came the concessions offered by Napoleon to Bismarck, who makes them public awakening to the need for protection in the south German states, now only remained for France to declare war so that the southern states reacted in favor of Prussia, the English Succession was a necessary ingredient for its purpose, Bismarck altering the declaration of the king to France does he declare that this war ends quickly with a German victory, from Alsace Lorena hands of this and imposing a compensation to France (1871), Bismarck and the southern states discussed a constitution federal rate, which maintained the aristocratic structures of the states providing for the creation of a parliament and a federal chamber, formed by delegates from the various states according to their size.

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Reactions to the France of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna

After the Congress of Vienna Europe experienced long period of peace, for 40 years there was no war between the great powers after the Crimean War of 1854 there was no general conflict for 60 years; international order created by Vienna was more based on the balance of power as a holder than any other system, it did not need power to stay, just maintaining the status quo time, Europe joined rightly deeply shared values, the security was just a mechanism of this system included the ideological harmony in a broad sense. The kingdom of Italy was formed by France, was dependent on this, in fact the legal structure was the extent of it, the kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Warsaw and the territories between the Rhine and Elbe are an example of the influence less directly, on which France had removed the old regime but had remained in their internal structures; Prussia is an example of positive resistance, and that while no influence was reformed was left to be perfectly competent, the case of Austria and Russia are the negative resistance, as only reacting to France by the attachment to tradition, England, since 1800 called the United Kingdom of Great Breteña and Ireland already had a sufficiently liberal regime to attempt or be changed by France, in Italy, as in the case of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany had no constitutional text but the tolerance of the enlightened despots, Spain was restored under the absolute rejection of the constitutional text of 1812, the autocratic, despotic and paternalistic jumped Russia with Tsar Alexander I, who given some autonomy to Poland, and made a genuine constitution introducing the figure of a bicameral Diet, an appointed Senate and nuncios representing the people, and in 1815 Europe was divided into absolute and constitutional monarchies with the exception of the Swiss Republic and four free cities in Germany and Krakow, if we draw a line we could say that Europe was ruled by landowners and in some states (France and England) with rapid pre-eminence was a progressive increase over the importance of participation of the bourgeoisie in government, the common denominator was no doubt the value and power of tradition, of the nobility and illiberal the privileged aristocracy and clinging to the structures of the old regime. Incipient constitutionalism was, if not it is more declarative than effective, but the difference is that back then was even more removed from reality and practice, from the standpoint of policy and sociology, it is also true that these constitutions were the minimum to maintain a certain order in societies that required major changes, which is why after 1815 began a period of constant revolutions that do nothing to show discontent to the shortcomings of these early liberal measures introduced by the restoration, including parties seemed to be more progressive, it happens that in reality the progress set in Vienna was fully apparent, and in their own laws excluded in many cases the right to free organizations and where there was a lot of control of education and literature in Italy was the industrial revolution which came about in practice the existence of revolutions, which were based on the principles Liberals expanded by the French Revolution.

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Thus was born born Germany Italy

During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the Italian peninsula was a conglomerate of small states by the end of the fifteenth century began to be subject to the desires and disputes between the Bourbons of Spain and the Habsburgs of Austria, resulting in a prolonged period of English rule over the peninsula, this until the war of succession on one side and the Seven Years War on the other, which they shall deliver to Italy and the distribution domain foreigners, only the state of Savoy and the Kingdom of Sardinia were powers at European level, or Genoa, or Venice, or the Papal States meant something important, only they had the memory of what had been in the past, this fragmentation Adding to their economic backwardness, and Genoa and Venice were not the banks which took up gold trade in America and Asia as the shaft had been transported to the Atlantic, it consolidated the agricultural economy but the urban bourgeoisie maintain the power that characterized during the XV and XVI although minimized by increasing the growing importance of the field and the loss of international influence of its ports Mediterranean; found in eighteenth-century Italy a dual structure represented by a strong and conservative feudal peasantry and an urban bourgeoisie most dynamic and innovative. The reforms seek to enlightened despotism in some Italian states, but these were joined by the denial of the Church, the nobility and large sections of the bourgeoisie, which in practice a truncated series of decrees and institutions created with a sense of progress and increased participation; without Italy would remain the same until the advent of the French Revolution and all that is meant for people and for the bourgeoisie, of course with implications for newborn Italy from the nineteenth century, as nationalism was not well received in Italy, only small sections of intellectuals, it was widespread throughout Europe, the nationalist ideology was only a romantic feeling of some elites, but the Napoleonic expansion on northern Italy form the reinote Italy where privileges were abolished the nobility and clergy fought influence, expanded human rights and liberal ideals of the Italian people, these initiatives were supported by the enlightened and liberal bourgeoisie. After Napoleon's defeat and subsequent victory monarchy enshrined in the Vienna Congress the kingdom collapsed Italy and reassembled dealings Italy dynastic imperial protection, concealed by the Holy Alliance any revolutionary outbreak, only small individual rights remained as a continuation of despotism, this situation was opposed between the patriots and liberals who were disliked the resurrection of absolutism and formed secret societies which had emerged at the beginning of the century Freemasonry, companies were soon spread throughout Italy, but maintained an elitist who did not allow the inclusion of the masses. In 1820 a revolution broke out in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, where King seeks assistance from the Empire and this is suppressed, but the result was the migration of the liberals, who together with the influence of secret societies of the Carbonari was a great nationalist feeling from that moment forces charged with the idea of \u200b\u200ban Italy together. In 1930 a revolt broke out in France before the rash reaction of the Holy Alliance revolutionary cells multiply throughout Europe, the same year, Belgium was separated from Holland and Poland were up against the Tsar, Italy wanted to acknowledge Francisco IV as leader of the movement for freedom and independence, wanted to bring all Italy into a single monarchy, for 1831, reclaiming several Italian states in a chain reaction that came to the papal states, democratic movement with advanced features, had disputes between unitary and federal, there was no single approach to integration, Austria was prepared to intervene claiming that the duchies of Modena and Parma were in the empire and their dukes had requested, this was done very quickly. This revolution is characterized by the zero resistance from governments and the ease with which Austria ran the repression, that as different revolutionary units would not launch a counter based on the principle of nonintervention, it was the most active bourgeoisie progressive bourgeois aristocracy and the unhappy with this situation. Many of the Italian exiles were in France. Mazzini, great intellectual revolutions liberal believes that started on 30 would result in the advent of the Republican national states in Europe, based on a romantic idea of \u200b\u200bprogress, the riots were started by large spans, but the presence of Austria and France played down any attempt to claim more political, the failure of the insurrection brought negative consequences for the patriotic movement, which was divided. Economic development occurred between 1821 and 1846 brought a large number of industrial proletariat in northern Italy and the expansion of many doctrines and ideologies of all kinds in terms of national integration, since the bourgeoisie to the proletariat, from the secular to the ultra-Catholics. Popular pressure in 1847 won two major concessions, the creation of the Council of Ministers and the Civic Guards Corps.

1846, the election of Pope Pius IX opened a period of reforms in the Papal States.

1847, the Pope, the Grand Duke of Tuscany and the King of Piedmont-Sardinia create league Italian customs.

1848, anti-Austrian uprising in Venice and Milan, Parma and Modena are provisional governments in Florence, Tuscany, Rome and Turin constitutional claim is raised war against Austria which defeated the Italians out.

1849; Under pressure from the liberal Pope leaves Rome and Mazzini proclaimed the Roman Republic, the Austrians and the French recovered Venice take Rome and restored the Papal States.

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disputes between States (1713-1740)

After the Peace of Utrecht and from 1713 onwards the European states had faced a single major issue, the French pre-eminence. On the other hand Peter the Great was faced with the governance of their territories annexed in the Great Northern War and then he dedicated himself to expanding his empire to the east, especially on Persia, the Anglo-Russian relations improved significantly after peace and not until 1750-60 when Russia begins to act as a great power, Britain and France remained united against English interests in Italy, but there was still the promise of these to Spain to receive Tuscany, Parma and Piacenza after the death of their rulers. Spain and France conclude an agreement that would lead to a war against Habsburg Spain recovered Milan and Naples and France saldaría a question drawn from the Polish division, but this had nothing to do with the Franco-British to prevent further English rule in Italy, however for 1733 France and Spain would be cooperating more actively than they would be doing with Great Britain, this situation is caused in part by the rivalry existing between the two nations and the interpretation of a treaty on possessions colonial conflicts in the American colonies that were harassing the bilateral relationship between Spain and England and France where he feared for English hegemony, but what prevented a declaration of war was the surprise invasion of MUTE by Frederick II, King of Prussia (1740 ) thus begins a major international dynamic marked by the emergence of Brandenburg-Prussia as a great power at the expense of the Habsburgs and the vast expansion of British colonial rule at the expense of France. Great Britain, a traditional ally of the Habsburgs was at war with Spain, which probably enter France, the Netherlands, another ally of Austria only saw the alliance as an instrument against the Bourbons, Federico II favorable circumstances who only feared for Russian intervention, Spain, greedy for more territory Italiano allied with Frederick against the Habsburgs, Saxony soon joined the alliance and this was followed by France, which would have disastrous consequences. England agreed to subsidize the effort Austria, in order and began a confusing war that lasted 7 years of which the Anglo-French hostilities stop because the other party relied on these for the continuation of the war, the conclusion was not big changes, general maintained the existing configuration, with the difference that Silesia passed to Frederick and that Brandenburg-Prussia became a European power, Austria would understand the futility of the Dutch and the British and reaffirm their territories and their hostility to Brandenburg -Prussia, this led to the declaration that France would abandon its alliance with Britain in terms favorable, so the board is restructured with a Franco-Austrian alliance and an Anglo-Russian, which would annex promising Federico German neutrality in the Anglo-French and was unfolding in the East Indies, this fear to be hated, France was humiliated and deceived by Federico and Austrian proposals and found a warm welcome in France, ending the long conflict between Bourbons and Habsburgs had marked both European diplomacy over the past two centuries, Federico thwarted strategy for England by the French reaction and the alliance between Austria and Russia against it, against it decides to attack first and preemptively invaded Saxony, this causes what most wanted to avoid entering into alliances against him and the annexation of small states in the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden. Fortunately, thanks to a series of events manages to keep the state Federico Prussian and Austrian efforts were unsuccessful while France would concentrate on England for what he needed to resume their forces in the same way that Russia would withdraw. Great Britain was established as a world power in the battles of the East Indies and in the disputes over Canada, moving permanently to France, this concern particularly for Spain for fear of the British advance south America which caused the Franco-English contra Inglaterra de la cual no se encontrarían frutos, la nueva posición de Gran Bretaña ya era innegable; a este conflicto se le conoce como la Guerra de los Siete Años que acabaría con la paz de 1763, luego de esta Gran Bretaña se aísla del continente, lo que es claro frente a su acomodada situación. Para 1768 se desencadenó la guerra entre Rusia y el Imperio Otomano principalmente por la creciente influencia rusa sobre Polonia, la cual había significado la quema de un pueblo turco, influencia que también veía con recelo Francia, ya que había perdido influencias ahí en manos de Rusia, sin embargo el éxito ruso sobre los turcos, apoyada esta por Inglaterra provocó reacciones en otros lugares Europe, especially in Austria who watched with concern the Russian influence on its commercial arteries, Austria and the Turks undertook to maintain the integrity of his empire which ended in a Russian austerity to be unable to keep possessions in the Danube, Federico addition eager to get part of Poland urges Austria to a negotiation with Russia for the distribution of land which is benefited in Russia, Austria and geopolitically resources Prussia (1772). Russia after the war in the East secured an outlet to the Black Sea, obtaining freedom of navigation in that sea, issue jealously closed by the Turks for two centuries, the growing Russian influence in the Balkans and the Caucasus, threatening the very existence of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. On the other hand Britain was interested again from the east to be upset for American independence in France as a counter-offensive which cooperated in the Seven Years War in 1779, Spain followed suit frustrated French hopes to recover Gibraltar and in 1780 England declares war on Holland for this trade with the colonies rebel and have joined the league against British maritime rights, after hostilities England lost America but has established itself as the great maritime power, colonial and industrial world, while Spain would focus on achieve a beneficial peace with England, France was moved from its former position of prominence did not mean a decline of colonial rule and since then Russia was seen as a new power, like Brandenburg-Pusi, Poland was partitioned, Austria faced the Balkans with Russia as the latter with the vindicated Sweden and the decaying Ottoman Empire. Italy had become a secondary issue compared to the eastern and overseas conflicts.

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Anderson, Century Europe XVIII

The Peace of Utrecht signed in 1713-14 did not start a new era, France despite its defeat in the War of English Succession was still the main power (18 million), his diplomacy was the best organized and better informed about Europe, his influence transcended politics to be installed as the main cultural center of the time but this does not mean that it was defective, its machinery government had shortcomings, their heterogeneous jurisdiction made it impossible for a unified administration even if the power and prestige of maintaining a domain Luis cash. Pera the end of his reign and it was to be a crisis which is shown in the financial bankruptcy in 1713, problems crept throughout the eighteenth century, his reputation had been built during the mid-seventeenth century, already in decline, but strong against the prostrate Spain, its biggest rival at the time, who had been greed you from Britain, the Hapsburgs and France during the war of succession, is also true that during the war Spain modernized its cumbersome system of government from council ministries, brought an end to the autonomy of Catalonia, Aragon and his indomitable clear that this amounted to no improvement compared to losses of Utrecht, which had taken its empire in Europe, Naples, Milan, Sardinia and the English Netherlands passed at the hands of the Habsburgs of Austria, Sicily passed into the hands of the Duke of Savoy, Britain annexed the island of Gibraltar and Minorca all of this reduction was apparent as Spain was stronger than before, managed to better governance and less coveted was found by his enemies and facing fewer conflicts. England was then the third European power and was the one who had a faster development, civil wars last century and the revolution of 1688 had transformed and made it difficult to govern, by the end of the seventeenth century had established itself as the largest naval power in the world which enabled a major expansion of its overseas trade and now with Menorca and Gibraltar as a Mediterranean power was assured, another pillar was financial strength that gave him standing in front of their revolt. One case is that of the Dutch Republic, with its complex political structure and decentralized their disunity will only increase the enmity embodied by the monarchical tendencies of the House of Orange and the republican forces of urban patricians of Amsterdam, the death of William III of Orange was the beginning of a long period of Republican dominance and a decline in international influence in its industry, commerce and naval power, which was distant from the English, but also remained the main focus of business European financial. Russia, Eastern power and most important newcomer to the European stage and that time would to be a great power, Peter the Great acquired a dominant position in Poland and a major influence in Northern Germany and the Baltic. Unfortunately had profound limitations, it was a poor, undeveloped, desperately short of capital and skilled labor and very inadequate internal communications, this is compounded by the hostility of the religious conservatives who were wary of policies greater presence and integration with Western Europe, but Peter was able to introduce major changes, had a big army and navy rapidly growing allowing him to negotiate on equal with any ruling. The south-eastern Europe was still under Ottoman rule daemon, a heterogeneous state and difficult to govern and that was in decline, his forces were no longer the terror posed to its neighbors during the sixteenth century, this had been demonstrated in the victorious war against Austria (1716), in the commercial spectrum continued as a mere supplier of raw materials, trade in the hands of privileged foreigners, mostly French, the priestly caste, ultra conservative and monopolizing education and strongly opposed effectively to all foreign innovation, reduction of the central government gives increased threat of destruction of their difficult political unit that caught the attention of governments and fueled his desire Christians sharing. The Habsburg territories for 1713 were not a state and were with few skills to compete in the European theater, the allowance system, its national heterogeinedad enhanced by diplomatic and military successes and its distinctive antagonism among government agencies hindered more even the possibilities of reform, the title of Holy Roman Emperor had been held continuously by the family, which theoretically title remained the largest in Europe, but the dynasty's power rested on their hereditary domains in central Europe, with most part of the German states were coming to him for protection against attacks from outside the boundaries of the Holy Empire, so the emperor needed to be militarily strong but their territories, most were poor and backward and accentuated the inability raise administrative resources, in any case were a monarchy powerful but archaic and undeveloped. Sweden had been destroyed by Russia during the 1700-21 war, peace, allowed him to keep Finland and part of Pomerania, but was no longer a second state, after the death of Charles XII (1718) was enacted constitution that flatly limited powers of the monarchy absolute. The reformation and Thirty Years War, the foreign interference, especially from France, completed the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire, which took centuries in the process, the major German states (Saxony, Bavaria, Brandenburg-Prussia and the Palatinate) and could ignore the imperial authority, but these were outside the colonial deals and the benefits of expanded international trade. Brandenburg-Prussia was poised to be the largest German state, that for 1780-90 was a conglomerate of political units that reached a significant administrative development which contrasted with the collapse of Poland, where the power of veto prevented administrative deliberation he joined the deterioration that had meant the Great Northern War developed in its territory, that for 1717 meant the end of the state having fallen prey to their more powerful neighbors. Italy was another source of weakness and division but not compared to Germany and the chaotic Poland, the Papal state, badly governed for generations was one of the poorest and most backward parts of Italy, the figure of the Pope was increasingly unable to influence European policies. In addition to the eighteenth century Europe we find a completely asymmetric in power and resources, totally heterogeneous, where France was undoubtedly the greatest of all state, followed by Britain and Russia, then Austria of the Habsburgs and the rise pseudo German states followed by a series of states middle with some influence as were Sweden and the Netherlands. The European system consisted of a series of partial and local equilibrium gradually were immersed in a larger one that included the American colonies and placed as an important ingredient and can break the balance, although this was only a guess because would fail to meet even with a more active Atlantic political and even more for a global policy, Europe continued to maintain a traditional system of government that supported decentralization favored by poor communications.

During

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The OI's international practice

From a realistic perspective of OI's does not have meant a delegation of powers that are the responsibility of sovereign states, and ultimately it is they who create them and who can finish it and decide to act or accordingly not what you're resolved. In liberalism or neo-liberalism exalts institutional change that in some OI's have captured regimes beyond the purview of the states and have jeopardized the traditional principle of sovereignty, original Peace of Westphalia and establishing the anarchic international system or to some modern. This would be the case Human Rights, which have international judicial bodies such as the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

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Period of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

XVII century Spain lost its hegemony over Europe, which had been achieved through the collection of conquest, this decline occurred due to several factors, among which include the fact that the wealth that flowed from overseas to Spain did not allow a permanent enrichment another is the expulsion of the Moors ordered by King Philip III, causing a loss of military and industrial right and the character and the inability of the monarchy during this century, another feature to take into account that the monarchy was not an end state centralized, more territories were still very distant and very different from each other. The kingdoms of Spain and Austria were somehow a single dynasty, the Habsburgs, in principle, then kings kings brothers cousins \u200b\u200blinks that led Spain to sacrifice for Austria during the war to end with the final end of the English pre-eminence.

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Definition and classification of international organizations

The OI's (International Organizations) are by definition inter although its use has spread to non-governmental organizations but also present in different nations. An example of the latter may be international NGOs such as Amnesty International or Doctors Without Borders.

to classify OI's for their own ends, his compositions and his powers. Thus are the general purpose is ie trying various issues, such as the UN and other specific purposes such as the IMF

The OI's classified by their composition varies depending on whether the parts are limited to states only or if their constitutions allow the membership of entities other than states such as NGOs or even individuals. Eg ILO brings together governments, employers and workers. When it comes to composition also refers to whether the parts are limited or geographically. The OAS, for example has a limited membership in that its parts can only be states Americans. WHO is instead open to all states of the world.

When OI's are classified by their competences we refer to power that they hold. Power established by their constituents in a positive or obtained through the practice of the actors. In this sense we have OI's supranational and independent power of its members, as may be the International Court of Justice which, and who approved its statute and declared their jurisdiction, issue binding judgments and final. In contrast others, such as CSN not have an independent capability to its members for decisions and are an institutionalized entity for discussion, consensus and building up institutional arrangements and cooperation in various fields, but which lack the capacity to bind its members.

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Problem, criticism and rebuttal. Modernity-postmodernity debate Birth of the Modern State

In contemporary thought there was a dispute regarding the classification of historical times, some skeptics even warn about the arbitrariness of these classifications and the impossibility of understanding the historical process of humanity incorporating it into separate stages and differentiable. They also warn about the subjectivity and relativity of these conceptualizations, as these have changed according to the consensus among thinkers and historians and which, in our case correspond to a particular worldview and experience the world as it is Western culture.

inserting them into the Western debate are two more or less dominant positions. One says that we are dealing with modernity. The other argues that modernity has been transcended and we are in a time subsequent to this or postmodern. The first part of a definition of modernity daughter of the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and of progressive independence of state and religion. The other party denounced that modernity is a thinking child of a culture and a particular historical time. They appeal to different ways of interpreting and living the story, which they say depends in every culture, every generation or even each individual. They also say that modernity has been more an aspiration than a state particular facts. This question the modern bases such as individual freedom, the objectivity of science and thought, the possibility of creating awareness and human behavior in an independent reason for dogmas or beliefs caused them by the undeniable tradition and custom. The most radical modernity accuse not only ethnocentric, abstract, also imperialist sustaining the capitalist system.

From the modern side has played a reformulation of the first modernity, has repeatedly said that the modern self has not stopped being who seeks the truth and who accepts the reason as the highest court, why have included criticism of postmodernism from so that modernity is no longer understood as a single speech universally established, but it is the time when speeches are multiplied product of freedom and the pursuit of truth, which now means so fallible or hypothetical. It is understood that knowledge rather than having an objective basis Its foundation is a legitimate intersubjective agreement, that individual freedom and collective freedom also ends as empowerment, equal freedom and autonomy of the person were alive. Thus the modern protest define modernity as a time to begin to move beyond the dogmas and prejudices, violence and all forms of domination. Not as a time when these ideals have been achieved, as some conservatives who call themselves as modern or liberal, and as reported saying that the postmodern discourse of modernity is unreal. The currency would then be a process in which we are immersed and which builds, but has not completed its tasks.

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legitimate domination types developed by Max Weber

Weber speaks of three forms of legitimate domination. One is the traditional one is the charismatic and finally there is the law, which is corresponding to the modern state. The first under the customs, dogmas and patriarchal power, the second under the supernatural qualities of the leader and emotional capacity, while the latter belongs the law and its rationality. Do not forget that these modes of domination are not pure reality as the author says that serve for the analysis and understanding because they are pure ideal types. Recall also that for the author to be legitimate, otherwise it can not be recognized as power. This puts him in a middle ground between the realist theory and the liberal or utilitarian as they have called many.

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The modern state was created in several instances. After the Wars of Religion around 1648 created its sovereignty and independence of religion. Instance where the monarch concentrated power. The constitutional status stems partly from the so-called enlightened despotism and part of the liberal-nationalist riots and the breakdown of imperial regimes. These processes associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie to political power. Democratic and constitutional state of law is born with the French Revolution and the American Revolution. Instances that closed the last vestiges of the old regime and put the people as the sovereign, or a reading realistically meant the triumph of the bourgeoisie over the monarchy. We are now in a scenario of globalization where the state has begun to lose its preeminence and authority

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Political science as a scientific discipline and to practice politics as social

Political science is the discipline that aims to study power. When power is understood in a general way as the ability to influence B A to B to do what A asked. This is also the power and capacity to mobilize resources. Depending on the political theory is the way we are going to understand those resources and strategies to mobilize. Some, the more realistic appeal to that power is vested ultimately by those who are in a privileged position in the distribution of coercive forces. Other people might say that over and contemporary liberals argue that power is noticed by those who manage more information, knowledge and can make a more persuasive and advertising of the speech by those in higher coercive force.

social policy aims and practical purposes, within which stands the very end of the state, which must be the common good, which is intrinsically associated with the end of violence but in a more realistic as long as the political violence there.

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Marx's materialism

Witness the first great crisis of capitalism, the son of the first industrial revolution and the revolts European emancipation. His criticism was produced with the participation of Engels and focuses mainly on philosophy, politics and economics. Taking the dialectic of Hegel attempts to explain the historical relationship between capital and labor material, identifying a working class alienated from the product of his effort, that is, his humanity, the same it does prevent falsely conscious of changing their reality. On the opposite side identifies a bourgeois class, which owns the means of production, which takes over the work product, and imposes the false proletarian ideology through the state. Only a necessary revolution of the proletariat to take power can break the alienation and then break with the bourgeois state and achieve a synthesis or fraternal communion as based on human freedom.

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Son in the Early Modern English is considered the father of modern liberalism. Suggests that sovereignty emanates from the will of the people, property, life, liberty and the right to happiness are natural prerogatives of men, before the incorporation. Go then to the state as the social contract that has as its main task to protect these assets supreme, because in the state of nature were unprotected. Proposes that the state is constituted by a king with executive powers and a Parliament with legislative powers, thus anticipating the thought of Montesquiu, who also played. On the other side was convinced that state authority is held by the principles of popular sovereignty and legality. This meant that the exercise of real power should be subordinate to the people's will and is a natural law will only be reached through reason.

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Equal Marriage Act

occasion of the enactment of the landmark Equal Marriage Act on Equality for Men and welcome the inclusion of more identities within the general rights that the Constitution N ational aims to ensure for everyone s. We see the opportunity to choose marriage as a public and legal expression of social contract with a state, with its guarantees and obligations, recognition of the happy couple to be held a @ s citizenship status second.

We celebrated with families and their preexisting homo s obesity, who see their rights recognized and extended the protection ng of the contributions of those who fulfill parental roles. We hope to welcome prospective families, (with) wrap the possibility of adoption will provide tant @ s @ s obesity abandon s, unfortunate result of heterosexual unions and other reasons, that reactionary forces want show with unique model and imperfect.

Although hope that as many achievements of feminism and social movements will soon be naturalized and accepted without rispidez with the doomsayers who claim shift, know that this achievement is the result of decades of struggle by organizations from right and often no left. know what it cost the slow formation of a hard favorable national context.

and recognized as a current limiting ( but as a joyful purpose) how much we lack in these struggles for equity, as the laws of gender identity, and the constant extension reproductive rights against gender violence and discrimination that perpetuate many.

But since those halcyon days, we are adding more better visibility and pride of identity in a diverse world a little more equitable for everyone s.