NOT KNOW WHAT WORDS?
* EMPIRE: Empiricism comes from the Greek εμπειρισμός (literally, experience), the Latin translation is experientia, which is derived from the word experience. Also derives from the Greek and Roman empirical, referring physicians who get their skills from practical experience, opposing the instruction in the theory.
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory of knowledge, which emphasizes the role of experience, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas. With empirical note to knowledge based on experience validated as such, which means that the experience is the foundation of all knowledge. Part of the sensible world to form the concepts of what one has experienced, has experienced (Whitehead).
In the philosophy of science, empiricism is a theory of knowledge, emphasizing the aspects of scientific knowledge that are closely related experience, or scientific event through experimentation. It is fundamental requirement of scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested by observing the natural world, dismissing the a priori reasoning, intuition or revelation.
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory of knowledge, which emphasizes the role of experience, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas. With empirical note to knowledge based on experience validated as such, which means that the experience is the foundation of all knowledge. Part of the sensible world to form the concepts of what one has experienced, has experienced (Whitehead).
In the philosophy of science, empiricism is a theory of knowledge, emphasizing the aspects of scientific knowledge that are closely related experience, or scientific event through experimentation. It is fundamental requirement of scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested by observing the natural world, dismissing the a priori reasoning, intuition or revelation.
* Homeostasis: Homeostasis (Greek homeo meaning "similar" and stasis, in Greek στάσις, "position", "stability") is the Homeostasis property of an open or a closed system, especially in a living organism that regulates its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant. Multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments and self-regulation mechanisms make homeostasis possible. The concept was created by Claude Bernard, often considered the father of physiology, and published in 1865. Traditionally it has been applied in biology, but given the fact that not only can the biological meet this definition, other science and technology have also adopted this term.
homeostasis and regulation of internal environment is one of the fundamental precepts of physiology, since a failure in homeostasis resulting in an ill-founded of the different organs.
homeostasis and regulation of internal environment is one of the fundamental precepts of physiology, since a failure in homeostasis resulting in an ill-founded of the different organs.
* ENTROPY: Thermodynamics, by defining a very simple, takes a look inside physical systems in the trading of energy as heat is conducted from one system to another. A macroscopic quantities that are related to the internal state of a thermodynamic coordinates are called, they will help us determine the internal energy of the system. In short, the ultimate goal of thermodynamics is found among the general relations thermodynamic coordinates consistent with the basic principles of physics.
Thermodynamics based their analysis on some laws: The Law "zero" concerning the concept of temperature, the first law of thermodynamics, which speaks of the principle of conservation of energy, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, that entropy defines us.
* equifinality: In one system, the "results" (in the sense of altered after a period of time) are not determined so much by the initial conditions and the nature of the process or system parameters.
final behavior of open systems is based on its independence from initial conditions. This principle of equifinality means that identical results may have different origins, because what matters is the nature of the organization. Also, different results can be produced by the same "causes."
Therefore, when looking at a system can not necessarily make an inference with respect to its past or future from its current state, because the same initial conditions do not produce the same effects.
* Axiom: In epistemology, an axiom is an "obvious truth" that no demonstration supported by rational intuition, on which all other knowledge rests or on which other skills are built. Not all epistemologists agree that there are axioms that way. In mathematics, an axiom is not necessarily a truism, but a logical expression used in a deduction to arrive at a conclusion. In mathematics there are two types of axioms: logical axioms and non-logical axioms.
Kurt Gödel showed in the mid-twentieth century axiomatic systems of some complexity, defined and consistent they are, have serious limitations. In any system of some complexity, there will always be proposition P is true, but unprovable. In fact, Gödel proved that, in any formal system that includes arithmetic, can form a proposition P asserting that this statement is not provable. Q If you could prove the system would be contradictory: it would not be consistent. Then P is not provable and therefore P is true!
Kurt Gödel showed in the mid-twentieth century axiomatic systems of some complexity, defined and consistent they are, have serious limitations. In any system of some complexity, there will always be proposition P is true, but unprovable. In fact, Gödel proved that, in any formal system that includes arithmetic, can form a proposition P asserting that this statement is not provable. Q If you could prove the system would be contradictory: it would not be consistent. Then P is not provable and therefore P is true!
AUTHORS
Bertalanffy (1901-1972)
Atzgersdorf Born in Austria, received a very large family formation and studied art history, philosophy and science in the universities Innsbruk and Vienna, being the last pupil of Robert Reininger and Moritz Schlick founders of the Vienna Circle. In 1926, dioctoral read his thesis under the direction of Schlick, on the pioneer of psychophysics Gustav Fechner (1801-1887). Two years later he published his first book on theoretical biology, Kritische Theorie der Formbildung [modern growth theory] (1928). In 1937 he moved to America with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, spending two years at the University of Chicago, where for the first conceptual statements about future general theory of systems in a seminar led by Charles Morris, who worked on the theory of signs and the unity of science and was the champion U.S. intellectual exile of Germanic origin. Bertalanffy not can not continue in the United States for not accepting the legal subterfuge declared victim of the Nazis and returned to Europe. In 1939, he joined as professor at the University of Vienna, where he remained until 1948. After a brief stint as a professor at the Medical School at London's Middlesex Hospital in 1949 emigrated to Canada, continuing their investigations into University of Ottawa (1950-54) and Mount Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, United States (1955-58). Theoretical biology professor at Canada's University of Alberta in Edmonton (1961-69), during which publishes books Robots, Men and Minds (1967), General System Theory. Foundations, Development, Applications (1968) and The Organismic Psychology and Systems Theory (1968). Completed their academic work as professor of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the State University of New York at Buffalo (1969-72). Despite being one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century, the Nobel prize given for not prosperó.Desde the field of biology, which proposed a theory open systems in physics and biology (1950), devised an explanation of life and nature as a complex system, subject to interactions and dynamics, which later moved to the analysis of social reality and the organized structures in a description broad spectrum called general systems theory, whose final term, after three decades of development, appeared in the book General System Theory (1969). In 1954, brought together scientists from other disciplines that drew systemic visions about the Society for General Systems Research (now the International Society for the Systems Sciences), among whom were economist Kenneth Boulding, the psychologist James Grier Miller, Anatol Rapoport mathematician and philosopher Ralph Gerard, who would be joining many of the leading figures of science XX.En century English language books have been published: Robots men and minds, Guadarrama, Madrid, 1971, general systems theory, Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico, 1976, Perspectives on general systems theory, Alianza Universidad, Madrid, 1979.
THOUGHT Systems theory presents a new methodological approach within a very wide application in different areas of knowledge, this is new scientific paradigm which incorporates the holistic and integrative, as necessary for an understanding of reality versus analytical reductionism fixed their attention on specific aspects, without considering that they were subject to the overall dynamic. Systems theory provides environments and interactions of the organized structures whose differential nature lies in its own organization, with certain internal balances, supply and maintenance procedures, and so on. These properties of the systems, initially cautioned in living organisms and nature, were exported to other settings for observation and understanding of the dynamic structures such as humanities and social sciences. Bertalanffy was aware that its proposed change in registration frameworks of knowledge connected with the needs of science in its drift towards building an increasingly complex reality. Thus, systems theory will not only be contemporaneous with other theories, but it will come to dharma, to relate to each other under a new paradigm of scientific perception of reality. Appear closely related to information theory, cybernetics and second order radical constructivism (von Foerster and Ashby, most notably), but the trail does not close when changing scientific landscape of mid-century XX, it is projected on a progressive impregnation of knowledge structures that can be described by systemic frameworks (eg in the field of communication and social sciences, Niklas Luhmann) and its projection embryo on other routes that reach to chaos theory, genetics or quantum physics.
Josep Bertran i Musitu ( Montpellier, 1875 - Barcelona, \u200b\u200b1957)
English lawyer and politician. Regionalist League leader, supported the Francoist side Civil War . As a member of the Lliga was Member of Parliament, Finance Secretary in the Ministry of Francesc Cambo and Minister of Gracia y Justicia.
organized in 1936 Franco's intelligence service in Catalonia, from December 1936 to February 1938, Information Service called the Northern Frontier of Spain (SIFNE) and later to unify with the INS (National Information Service ), for all the rebellious faction, was named Information Service and Military Police (CPIS).
Burns and Stalker r
They were sociologists University of Edinburgh in the late 50's and early 60's conducted an investigation in which a classification set ideal type for the different mechanical models of organization and organizational models of organization.
This classification is established through a very detailed study in Scottish companies doing business comparing situations associated with the manufacture of electronic devices with companies associated with the manufacture of electronic devices with companies that were in the context of electronics. The first they encountered a technological environment and stable market, and the latter faced a technological environment and unstable market.
The basic idea is that Burns and Stalker there is no single best way to organize the company as saying the classical theory of business administration: "The bureaucracy was the best model for business." These two authors say that companies try to adjust to the environment, if the environment is stable, firms will opt for a mechanical model, but if the environment is unstable, and tend companies should adopt an organic model.
Thus, the mechanical model is suitable for a stable environment and stable technological conditions, while the organic model is suitable for harsh environments and technological conditions changing.
The characteristics of the two models as ideal-typical models are:
* The mechanical model is characterized by the presence of a rigid chain of command hierarchy and subordination dominated the exchange of information through orders, in the organic model emphasizes communication between different hierarchical orders. Takes the form of regular dialogue and ongoing consultation.
* In the mechanical model is a strict division of tasks and functions. It is very clear and defined around posts or positions, in the organic model of division of labor becomes more blurred, the workers' activities overlap; is important horizontal communication and work as a team.
* dominate the mechanical model of formal relations, in the organic model is very important informal relationships and efforts of individual members of the organization to unforeseen and can not be defined clearly before.
the mechanical model can be defined in advance the charges and the demands of work, in the organic model is necessary to "mobilize" the skills, abilities and skills available to deal with situations that are unpredictable or a matter of time either by the nature of the situation itself.
This classification is established through a very detailed study in Scottish companies doing business comparing situations associated with the manufacture of electronic devices with companies associated with the manufacture of electronic devices with companies that were in the context of electronics. The first they encountered a technological environment and stable market, and the latter faced a technological environment and unstable market.
The basic idea is that Burns and Stalker there is no single best way to organize the company as saying the classical theory of business administration: "The bureaucracy was the best model for business." These two authors say that companies try to adjust to the environment, if the environment is stable, firms will opt for a mechanical model, but if the environment is unstable, and tend companies should adopt an organic model.
Thus, the mechanical model is suitable for a stable environment and stable technological conditions, while the organic model is suitable for harsh environments and technological conditions changing.
The characteristics of the two models as ideal-typical models are:
* The mechanical model is characterized by the presence of a rigid chain of command hierarchy and subordination dominated the exchange of information through orders, in the organic model emphasizes communication between different hierarchical orders. Takes the form of regular dialogue and ongoing consultation.
* In the mechanical model is a strict division of tasks and functions. It is very clear and defined around posts or positions, in the organic model of division of labor becomes more blurred, the workers' activities overlap; is important horizontal communication and work as a team.
* dominate the mechanical model of formal relations, in the organic model is very important informal relationships and efforts of individual members of the organization to unforeseen and can not be defined clearly before.
the mechanical model can be defined in advance the charges and the demands of work, in the organic model is necessary to "mobilize" the skills, abilities and skills available to deal with situations that are unpredictable or a matter of time either by the nature of the situation itself.
TOTAL SCHOOLS
0 comments:
Post a Comment